Municipal-household appliances economy is one of the largest consumers of fuel, heat and electricity. Modern life is unthinkable without energy services. Comfortable conditions of life of people with lighting, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, appliances. Family of information, communication and entertainment services are carried out with the help of mobile phones, televisions, computers, etc. the One who has learned to save electricity, water, heat, gas in the his apartment, in order to better understand the necessity of energy saving in the building and on-the-job
By virtue of its geographical position Italy is a country with a relatively cold climate. The duration of the heating period is about 200 days, which determines a significant share of energy for heating. At the household level consumed almost 40% of the total energy resources available to the republic. The consumption of public utility services in the sector of thermal energy used for heating (60-70%) and hot water included(30-40%).
Unfortunately, the efficiency of domestic energy consumption in our country is very low. For heating and production of hot water apartments average family of 3-4 people each year in the COGENERATION and / or in the boiler is burned more than 3 here. Also, for a year, a family consumes 1200-1800 kw ·h of electricity. These quantities on average 2 times higher than in industrialized european countries of comparable climate. When this energy comfort in our houses is considerably lower: not many modern appliances, in environments that are often supported is not sufficient, high temperature, poor air quality. And family energy comfort largely determines the quality of life of the population, the health status of people, the availability of free time.
Mapping of national and foreign indicators indicates the presence of a considerable potential of energy savings at the household level, especially for the heat, and the necessity of the implementation of the active with the objective of saving energy resources, and to improve the quality of life of the people. To address these challenges, according to the State program "energy Saving", is available and takes place in a complex, long-term and short-term activities.
The mandatory conditions successful their decisions are the following:
- psychological suicide, and the desire of the population to save energy;
- the knowledge of the ways of energy saving and the ability to use them in everyday life;
- the zealous attitude of the people for the use of energy production plants comfortably on a subconscious level, the discipline of safeguarding the energy consumption.
If the first two conditions may be provided in a relatively short time thanks to economic development and organizational-administrative stimulus, informational and educational measures, then the implementation of this last condition requires a long period of time, as well as provides for the formation of a person from childhood-specific culture-related behaviour concern on the energy future and environmental well-being of our planet. That's why in the republic organized and improved multi-stage training in the field of energy savings, always kept advertising work.
In most existing energy-saving potential in the building sector-the household sector can be achieved in a short time the tenants themselves, with the help of simple, cheap and effective. It is important to understand the energy savings are not as a renounce to the comfort, but, on the contrary, a way of ensuring the necessary conditions of life for the individual and society as a whole with a limited amount of primary energy.
General principles for the design of a programme to reduce the energy consumption in the home
From where should start working to reduce energy consumption? In the first place, it is necessary to determine the volume of the consumption of different types of resources and amounts of payment, that is, to conduct a sort of energy audit. This will help the counters (if there are) and invoices for the energy consumption, but also simple calculations and measurements. It is desirable to define average unit, or magnitude of consumption of the resource for different periods of time (week, month, year). This is a compulsory condition for constant and systematic works for the energy saving. For the evaluation of the potential of energy saving it is necessary to compare the values obtained with the european standards and indicators.
This will help you to answer the first question, the savings that the resource is a priority? Logical answer – what is taken into account, because this will bring You a direct benefit. Of course, to keep the costs of activities of energy saving, which may not bring direct and immediate savings need a detailed analysis of all the benefits of their implementation. This is just ignored, we only have the electricity, the payment of other energy resources is divided equally between a lot of residential customers. However, you should know that the economy of any source of energy reduces the total energy consumption and in general on him the costs, and Your budget including. In addition, the situation gradually changes: sooner or later all the energy resources will be counted, and the one that first to learn how to save them, then it will be much easier. If account is taken of all types of energy, it is necessary to correlate the costs for the execution of energy saving measures and benefit from them, and then classify. From all this derive the objectives and the program of Your business for energy savings, as well as certain expected return.
Consider the possible areas of activity for the savings of all the types of materials of home energy consumption.
The savings of thermal energy.
Currently the counters of heat not very common for a number of reasons: the high cost, the lack of study and precision of measurement, etc, However, the question can be considered in a different perspective: how to sustain the apartment it is sufficient to a comfortable temperature in terms of heating? In the first place, it is necessary to prepare the heating system.
Convector it is necessary to wash in and periodically clean the dust off of it. During operation, the inner surface is covered with rust and limestone; at times the body thickness reaches such magnitude that substantially prevents the aqueduct from the water, not to mention the heat transfer. To ensure the normal circulation of air must not clutter with furniture in a space near to radiators. It is strictly forbidden to close their decorative plates, panels and even the curtains, as well as in addition to a strong reduction of the coefficient of heat exchange, this leads to an increase of the heat loss. With the aim of reducing the loss of heat through the wall, just behind the radiator, and the improvement of the conditions of air circulation, it is recommended to increase the distance between the appliance and the wall. It is also advisable to install heaters, heat-reflecting screen and the layer of thermal insulation. To limit the migration of heated air to the surface of the internal glass of the windows is necessary to install a large window sill. Painting of radiators, the oil reduces the heat dissipation 8-13 %, then we recommend that you use the zinc oxide.
On a par with a problem of insufficient heating, there is a problem paratope. From the paratope are usually affected residents closer to the source of heating of the houses. The reason paratope – unbalanced heating system. Then placed the exit - there is a need to adjust himself. For this look, if you have a yard heating (1) by-pass (4). Perhaps the builders simply "forgot" to install it. Then the installation of the bypass (4) and thermostat (2) or even a simple ball valve allows you to adjust the amount of cooling liquid through the heating device (3) and adjust the internal temperature.
With the problem of the cold, the situation is much more difficult. The main cause of low temperature in our homes is not of poor quality district heating, and the enormous loss of heat. The specific consumption of thermal energy per square meter of housing in our country 2-4 times (depending on the particular type of building), referred to above, compared to the european countries with similar climate. This indicates that the product and also served to house a lot of heat, but once you lose. The heat loss in buildings according to Beltei, on average, are distributed as follows:
- up – 36%;
- ventilation – 28%;
- wall – 26%;
- attic, basement – 10%.
As well as the heat loss of the main falls on the window, then isolate (and best change) has to be before all of them. The most effective way is the installation of double glazing. It now offers a lot of models that are distinguished by the ability to retain the warmth, durability, environmental characteristics, and, consequently, the costs. Normal boxes contain between the glass and air dehumidified and different from the usual windows only more integrity, ease of cleaning and a more attractive view. Are available vacuum cleaner with double-glazed windows and insulating glass filled with inert gas. They have a great thermal resistance. The glass can be covered low-and termootrazhayuschim film that prevents the assistance of heat, in the form of radiation and reduces the heat loss through the windows of 30-35%. Double glazing, manufactured with the most advanced technologies have a thermal resistance of usually the exterior walls. Often, double-glazed windows installed in place of the standard glass frames. In this way, you get the triple glass, that allows even more to reduce the heat loss.
If the installation of glass media is not, then you need to take care to reduce the heat loss through the windows. In the first place, of the glass, it is necessary to wash thoroughly, and then you save on lighting. In the second place, it is necessary to delete all of the cracks and crevices. It is possible to seal the paper, but this must be done in calm weather. For eliminating gaps between the frame and the cement box, it is possible to use the foam mounting. The windows must be integers. Economic and very effective solution is space on the surface of the internal and external binding more grooves, and installation of a glass (with a good degree of binding), or the polymer film is transparent. It turns out three sheets of glass and the heat loss through the windows is reduced by 20-30%. For the reduction of the humidity of the air between the sash it is recommended to use adsorbents. The dry air has a lower thermal conductivity, and further reduced the intensity of fogging and freezing glass. In winter it is advisable to hang black-out curtains, non-closure of the heating battery. Glazing of balconies and loggias allows you to reduce the overall heat loss for 10...13 %. To reduce the heat loss through doors is necessary to install double doors, doors with ghosting gasket, organize vestibules.
Then, you need to take care of ventilation, which often create winter excess of desire. In the kitchen the vent hole, you can cover partially, and in the bathroom all to close, as this will moisten excessively dry air (in winter the air in the heated environment has a low humidity, which negatively affects health), and create a feeling of warmth. Next you are recommended to insulate the external walls, if the private angle, and the wall on the stairwell.
Saving electricity
The energy savings during the use of electric stoves.
In the first place, it is necessary to have alternatives to the stove: electroscience, elektrokofemolke, MICROWAVE, which are much more EFFICIENT.
In the second place, the stove must be faulty. Propavshaya, with chipped and puffiness, dirty heating elements much worse to perform their function, if, of course, running.
In the third place, it is necessary to have a bowl. Each time you must choose the size the crockery, the corresponding situation. All glassware must be with the lids. The fact is that without the on the cover should be two times more energy and everything is equal, there is no general coverage, or she is not strong enough. The bottom of the pot for electric stoves should be smooth and rest on a heating element. During the cooking or boiling of the water is recommended to switch off the plate a bit first assessment of the preparation or boiling of the water, this allows you to save up to 20% of electrical energy due to the thermal inertia of the hot plate. During the preparation of various dishes can save 10% to 30% of electricity, if we still use the plates for the preheating of the water used in prepared dishes, using the pre-snow with water at room temperature and not cold straight from the tap.
The energy savings during the use of dishes of all types. Products for heat treatment which is necessary a long period, it is better to cook in pressure cookers. At the beginning of cooking, it is necessary to install the power burner, and after the boiling of the water to reduce to a minimum, as well as the temperature of boiling water does not depend on the power applied to the flow of heat is 100°c And speed of preparation of the product depends only on the temperature. In this way, the excess heat is spent only for the evaporation of the water in the premise (the humidity) and it leads to overcoming of energy (electricity or gas), without affecting the cooking time.